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1 eligible goods
Экономика: приемлемый товар -
2 eligible goods
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > eligible goods
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3 eligible goods
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4 goods
pl товар, товары; изделия• -
5 goods
n ком. товар, товари; виріб, вироби; річ; благо, блага; a товарнийпродукти чи послуги, спрямовані на задоволення тих чи ін. потреб суспільства, які можна купити або продати═════════■═════════acceptable goods прийнятний товар; advertised goods рекламований товар; agricultural goods сільськогосподарські товари; assorted goods підібрані товари • сортовані товари; auction goods аукціонний товар; barter goods бартерний товар; basic goods основні товари; branded goods марочні вироби • марочні товари; brown goodss: аудіо- та відео-товари; bulk goods гуртовий товар; canned goods консервовані товари; capital goods; choice goods добірний товар; competing goods конкуруючі товари; competitive goods конкурентні товари; competitively priced goods конкурентні товари; complementary goods доповнюванні товари; consignment goods консигнаційний товар; consumer goods; contingent goods випадковий товар • не передбачений заздалегідь товар; convenience goods товари повсякденного попиту; cotton goods бавовняні товари; custom made goods товар, виготовлений на замовлення; cut-price goods товар за зниженою ціною; defective goods пошкоджені товари • дефектний товар; delivered goods доставлений товар; dispatched goods відвантажений товар; dry goods сухий товар; durable goods товари тривалого вжитку • товари довгострокового користування; duty-free goods безмитні товари; electrical goods електричні товари; eligible goods прийнятий товар; essential goods необхідні товари • обов'язкові товари; exchangeable goods товари, які підлягають обміну; expired goods прострочений товар; export goods експортні товари; exported goods експортовані товари; factored goods комісійні товари; fancy goods модні товари • вишукані товари; fashion goods модні високоякісні товари; fast-moving goods ходові товари • збутовий товар • товар, що має попит; faulty goods пошкоджений товар • дефектний товар; finished goods готовий виріб; first class goods першорядний виріб; fixed price goods товари, які продаються за твердою роздрібною ціною; foreign goods закордонні товари; foreign-made goods закордонні товари; fragile goods ламкі товари • крихкі товари; frozen goods заморожений товар; future goods товари, куплені завчасно; generic goods немарочні товари; hard goods товари тривалого вжитку; hazardous goods небезпечні вироби; high-grade goods високосортні товари; homemade goods товари домашнього виготовлення; household goods господарські товари; import goods імпортні товари; imported goods імпортовані товари; incoming goods наступний товар; industrial goods промислові товари; inferior goods товари низької споживчої цінності; inflammable goods займистий товар • вогненебезпечний товар; insured goods застрахований товар; intermediate goods проміжні товари • напівфабрикати; knitted goods трикотажні вироби; large-scale goods товари масового споживання; low-grade goods низькосортний товар; luxury goods товари розкоші • предмети розкоші; manchester goods білизна; manufactured goods виготовлений товар; marked goods товар, знижений у ціні; marketable goods товар, що має попит; miscellaneous goods різноманітний товар; new goods новий товар; non-durable goods товар короткочасного користування • товар короткотривалого споживання • товар короткочасного вжитку; noncompetitive goods неконкурентоспроможні товари; nonhazardous goods безпечні вироби; non-refundable goods товар, що не підлягає поверненню і компенсації; nonrival goods неконкурентний товар; non-traded goods товари для внутрішнього користування; normal goods нормальне благо; ordered goods замовлений товар; packaged goods упакований товар; patent goods патентовані товари; perishable goods швидкопсувний товар • товар, який швидко псується; piece goods штучний товар • тканина в кусках; pledged goods заставлений товар; prepackaged goods фасований товар; primary goods сировинні товари; processed goods готовий виріб; proprietary goods фірмовий товар • марочні товари; quality goods високоякісний товар; refrigerated goods охолоджені товари; rejected goods забракований товар; repaired goods відремонтований товар; replaceable goods обмінюваний товар • обмінний товар; replaced goods замінений товар; retail goods роздрібні товари; returnable goods товари, які можна повернути; sale goods розпродажні товари; seasonal goods сезонні товари; secondhand goods уживаний товар; secondrate goods другосортні товари; selected goods добірний товар; semidurable goods товари з обмеженим терміном користування; serially produced goods товари серійного виробництва; shipped goods відвантажений товар; soft goods текстильні товари • товари короткочасного користування; sold goods проданий товар; specialty goods товари особливого попиту; spoiled goods зіпсований товар; spot goods товари в наявності; standardized goods стандартні товари; staple goods основні товари; store goods магазинні товари; style-and-fashion goods модні товари; substandard goods недоброякісні товари; substitute goods товари-замінники; superior goods товар високої споживчої цінності; surplus • товарний надлишок; taxable goods товари, оподатковувані митом; textile goods текстильні товари; trademarked goods марочні товари • фірмові товари; transit goods транзитні товари; unmarketable goods товар, не придатний для торгівлі; unshipped goods невідвантажений товар; unsold goods непроданий товар; unwrapped goods неупакований товар; white goods полотняні товари═════════□═════════cost of goods sold собівартість реалізованих товарів; exchange of goods товарообмін; goods and services товари і послуги; goods en route товари в дорозі; goods for immediate delivery товар з негайною здачею; goods from stock товар зі складу; goods held in trust зберігати товар за дорученням; goods in process незавершене виробництво • товар в процесі виробництва; goods in stock товарні запаси; goods in transit товари в дорозі • відвантажений товар; goods of equal value рівноцінні товари; goods on approval товар для схвалення; goods on consignment товари на консигнацію; goods on hand наявний товар; goods short delivered нестача товару при доставці • недопостачання; goods train товарний поїзд • вантажний поїзд; goods vehicle товарний екіпаж • товарний засіб пересування; goods wagon товарний вагон; goods warehouse товарний склад; shortage of goods нестача товарів • дефіцит товарів; surplus of goods товарний надлишок; to advertise goods рекламувати товар; to buy goods купувати/купити товар; to carry goods перевозити/перевезти товар; to clear goods звільняти/звільнити товар від мита; to collect goods забирати/забрати товар; to consign goods посилати/послати товар на консигнацію; to deliver goods постачати/постачити товар; to dispose of goods збувати/збути товар; to distribute goods розподіляти/розподілити товар; to exchange goods обмінювати/обміняти товари; to exhibit goods виставляти/виставити товари; to export goods експортувати товари • вивозити/вивезти товари; to feature goods виставляти/виставити товари; to have goods on trial апробовувати товар • ухвалювати/ухвалити товар; to import goods імпортувати товар • ввозити/ввезти товар; to insure goods застраховувати/застрахувати товар; to introduce goods (on the market) впроваджувати/впровадити товар; to invoice goods виписувати/виписати рахунок-фактуру на товар; to keep goods in stock тримати товар на складі; to load goods навантажувати/навантажити товар; to manufacture goods виготовляти/виготовити товар; to mark goods позначити товар; to mortgage goods заставляти/заставити товар; to obtain goods одержувати/одержати товар • отримувати/отримати товар; to offer goods пропонувати/запропонувати товар; to order goods замовляти/замовити товар; to pack goods упаковувати/упакувати товар; to pay for goods оплачувати/оплатити товар; to price goods визначати/визначити ціну товару; to produce goods виготовляти/виготовити товар; to provide goods постачати/постачити товар; to purchase goods купувати/ купити товар; to push goods рекламувати товар; to recall goods відкликати/відкликати товар; to reject goods відмовлятися від товару; to resell goods перепродувати/перепродати товар; to return goods повертати/повернути товар; to secure goods оберігати/оберегти товар • забезпечувати/забезпечити товар; to sell goods продавати/продати товар; to sell goods retail • продавати/продати товар вроздріб; to sell goods wholesale продавати/продати товар гуртом; to sell out goods розпродувати/розпродати товар; to send goods on approval посилати/послати товар для схвалення; to ship goods відвантажувати/відвантажити товар; to stock goods утримувати товар на складі • тримати товар на складі; to supply goods постачати/постачити товар; to trace goods стежити за рухом товару; to trade in goods торгувати товаром; to transfer goods перевантажувати товар; to turn out goods випускати/випустити товар; to unload goods вивантажувати/вивантажити товар; to value goods оцінювати/оцінити товар; to warehouse goods поміщати/помістити товар на склад; to withdraw goods from the market знімати/зняти товар з продажу на ринку; transport of goods перевіз товарів • транспорт товарів; transporting of goods перевезення товарів; unloading of goods розвантаження товарів -
6 eligible
['elɪdʒəb(ə)l]1) Общая лексика: желательный, имеющий право быть избранным, имеющий право на, могущий, могущий быть избранным, подходящий, подходящий под действие, правомочный, приравненный к2) Компьютерная техника: готовый продолжать3) Медицина: пригодный4) Разговорное выражение: подходящий в качестве мужа5) Юридический термин: избирательным правом, имеющий право (в силу удовлетворения соответствующим установленным требованиям), имеющий право на занятие должности, имеющий право на избрание, имеющий право на пребывание в должности, обладающий пассивным избирательным правом, отвечающий требованиям, соответствующий, допустимый, уполномоченный, правомерный, отвечающий установленным критериям7) Финансы: требуемого качества8) Дипломатический термин: имеющий право голоса (тж. eligibility to vote)9) Вычислительная техника: готовый к продолжению выполнения10) Официальное выражение: соответствующий установленным критериям (eligible goods and related services)11) Деловая лексика: имеющий право голоса, имеющий право голосовать, приемлемый12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: соответствующий критериям отбора (Форма соглашения Coudert Brothers (eligible goods and services))14) Макаров: годный15) Энергосистемы: соответствующий критериям -
7 good
1. n1) добро, благо2) польза3) pl товар, товары; изделия4) pl груз; багаж
- abandoned goods
- acceptable goods
- advertised goods
- afloat goods
- agricultural goods
- assorted goods
- auction goods
- back-to-school goods
- bale goods
- baled goods
- barter goods
- basic goods
- bonded goods
- branded goods
- bulk goods
- bulky goods
- bundle goods
- bundled goods
- canned goods
- capital goods
- cased goods
- choice goods
- commercial goods
- competitive goods
- competitively priced goods
- complementary goods
- consignment goods
- consumable goods
- consumer goods
- consumption goods
- contraband goods
- contract goods
- convenience goods
- cotton goods
- covered goods
- crated goods
- critical goods
- cultural and household goods
- custom made goods
- cut-price goods
- damaged goods
- damaging goods
- dangerous goods
- defective goods
- defence goods
- delayed goods
- deliverable goods
- delivered goods
- diplomatic goods
- dispatched goods
- distressed goods
- domestic goods
- dry goods
- durable goods
- duty-free goods
- easy-to-sell goods
- economic good
- eligible goods
- essential goods
- ethical goods
- exchange goods
- exchangeable goods
- exhibition goods
- explosive goods
- export goods
- exported goods
- express goods
- factored goods
- fair goods
- fancy goods
- farm goods
- fashion goods
- fast-moving goods
- fast-selling goods
- faulty goods
- final goods
- finished goods
- first class goods
- first order goods
- fixed price goods
- foreign goods
- foreign-made goods
- fragile goods
- free goods
- frozen goods
- gift goods
- groupage goods
- half-finished goods
- hard goods
- hazardous goods
- heavy goods
- heavyweight goods
- high-grade goods
- high-priced goods
- high-quality goods
- high-technology goods
- home-made goods
- household goods
- import goods
- imported goods
- impulse goods
- inbound goods
- incoming goods
- indestructible goods
- industrial goods
- industrialized goods
- inferior goods
- inflammable goods
- insured goods
- intermediate goods
- internationally tradeable goods
- investment goods
- inward goods
- labour-intensive goods
- large-scale goods
- late goods
- light goods
- liquid goods
- long-lived goods
- loose goods
- low-grade goods
- low-price goods
- low value added primary goods
- luxury goods
- Manchester goods
- manufactured goods
- marked goods
- marked-down goods
- marketable goods
- mass production goods
- measurement goods
- merchant goods
- miscellaneous goods
- missing goods
- new goods
- nondurable goods
- noncompetitive goods
- nonconforming goods
- nonfood goods
- nonessential goods
- nonhazardous goods
- nonsensitive goods
- nontraditional good
- novelty goods
- off-guage goods
- official goods
- ordered goods
- outbound goods
- outgoing goods
- out of time goods
- output goods
- outward goods
- over-dimensioned goods
- over-priced goods
- oversized goods
- packaged goods
- packed goods
- packed-up goods
- packeted goods
- palleted goods
- palletised goods
- parcel goods
- parity goods
- past due goods
- patent goods
- perishable goods
- perishing goods
- piece goods
- pledged goods
- point-of-purchase goods
- popular goods
- prepackaged goods
- prepacked goods
- prestige goods
- price-maintained goods
- primary goods
- private goods
- processed goods
- producer durable goods
- producer's goods
- production goods
- professional goods
- prohibited goods
- protected goods
- proprietary goods
- public good
- public goods
- quality goods
- quota goods
- realized goods
- received goods
- received for shipment goods
- reexport goods
- reexported goods
- refrigerated goods
- rejected goods
- remote goods
- repaired goods
- replaced goods
- reproducible goods
- retail goods
- return goods
- sale goods
- salvaged goods
- saved goods
- scarce goods
- seasonal goods
- secondhand goods
- secondrate good
- selected goods
- semidurable goods
- semifinished goods
- semimanufactured goods
- serially produced goods
- shipped goods
- shopping goods
- short-delivered goods
- short-shipped goods
- similar goods
- slow-moving goods
- soft goods
- sold goods
- sophisticated goods
- specialty goods
- spoiled goods
- spot goods
- spring goods
- stacked goods
- standardized goods
- staple goods
- storage goods
- store goods
- stranded goods
- strategic goods
- substandard goods
- substitutional goods
- superior goods
- surplus goods
- technical consumer goods
- textile goods
- top-quality goods
- tradeable goods
- trademarked goods
- traditional export goods
- transit goods
- transportable goods
- truck-packaged goods
- unaccepted goods
- unaddressed goods
- unbonded goods
- unclaimed goods
- uncovered goods
- undamaged goods
- undeclared goods
- undelivered goods
- unfinished goods
- uninsured goods
- unmarketable goods
- unmerchantable goods
- unordered goods
- unpacked goods
- unprotected goods
- unsaleable goods
- unshipped goods
- unsold goods
- unwrapped goods
- utility goods
- varied goods
- wage goods
- warehouse goods
- weight goods
- wet goods
- goods for bulk shipment
- goods for immediate delivery
- goods from stock
- goods in bales
- goods in bond
- goods in bulk
- goods in grain form
- goods in powder form
- goods in process
- goods in short supply
- goods in stock
- goods in store
- goods in transit
- goods of the best brands
- goods of damaging nature
- goods of dangerous character
- goods of equal value
- goods of equal worth
- goods of first priority
- goods of foreign make
- goods of foreign origin
- goods of high quality
- goods of inferior quality
- goods of inflammable nature
- goods of low quality
- goods of poor quality
- goods of prime necessity
- goods of sound quality
- goods of superior quality
- goods of top quality
- goods on consignment
- goods on hand
- goods out of season
- goods under arrest
- goods under customs bond
- goods under customs seal
- goods intended for shipment
- goods light in weight
- goods subject to deterioration
- accept goods
- accept goods for carriage
- advertise goods
- buy goods
- carry goods
- charge goods in an invoice
- claim goods
- clear goods
- collect goods
- consign goods
- convey goods
- declare goods
- declare goods waste
- delay goods
- deliver goods
- deliver goods at the disposal of smb
- deliver goods on sale or return
- demonstrate goods
- detain goods
- discharge goods
- dispatch goods
- dispose of goods
- distribute goods
- effect transhipment of goods
- enter goods for customs clearing
- enter goods for home consumption
- examine goods
- exchange goods
- exhibit goods
- export goods
- feature goods
- forward goods
- furnish with goods
- grade goods
- handle goods
- hand over goods
- have goods on trial
- hold goods in store
- import goods
- inspect goods
- insure goods
- introduce goods
- investigate goods
- invoice goods
- keep goods
- keep goods in stock
- land goods
- launch goods
- load goods
- make goods
- make goods ready for shipment
- make goods upon order
- make up goods
- manufacture goods
- mark goods
- mortgage goods
- move goods to the market
- need goods
- obtain goods
- obtain goods free of tax
- obtain possession of goods
- offer goods
- off-load goods
- order goods
- pack goods
- palletise goods
- pay for goods
- pick up goods
- place goods at the disposal of smb
- place goods on the market
- pledge goods with a bank
- present goods
- press goods on smb
- price goods
- produce goods
- protect goods
- provide goods
- purchase goods
- push goods
- put goods on the market
- readdress goods
- recall goods
- receive goods
- reconsign goods
- reject goods
- redeem pledged goods
- reexport goods
- release goods
- reload goods
- remove goods
- render goods marketable
- require goods
- resell goods
- retain goods
- return goods
- safeguard goods
- salvage goods
- search for goods
- secure goods
- sell goods
- sell goods retail
- sell goods wholesale
- sell out goods
- send goods on consignment
- ship goods
- show goods to advantage
- stack goods
- stock goods
- store goods
- submit goods to a careful examination
- supply goods
- survey goods
- tag goods
- take goods
- take goods on commission
- take goods on sale
- take goods out of pledge
- take stock of goods
- tally goods
- test goods
- throw goods on the market
- trace goods
- trade in goods
- transfer goods
- transfer goods to a warehouse
- tranship goods
- transport goods
- turn out goods
- turn goods over to smb
- unload goods
- value goods
- warehouse goods
- withdraw goods from the market
- withdraw goods from a warehouse2. adj1) хороший, годный3) надежный; кредитоспособный
- good faith
- good this month
- good this week
- good through
- good till cancelled -
8 discount
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You can get 50% discount off the regular ticket price!
Click here to order this book at a discount from the regular list price.
discount on (smth.) — скидка на (что-л.)
Members will receive special discounts on all products. — Участники получат специальные скидки на все товары.
special discount to students, special students discounts — специальные скидки для студентов, специальные скидки студентам, специальные студенческие скидки
50% discount for children under 12 — 50% скидка для детей в возрасте до 12 лет
to give [to grant, to allow\] a discount — предоставить скидку
Discounts are given for quantity purchases.
First, they commit all participants to grant discounts of the same type to buyers who meet the same conditions of eligibility.
The producer usually establishes a list price and then allows discounts from it to various types of intermediate customers.
Later in the century, as competition for customers increased, some booksellers offered discounts of 20 percent and more.
to get [to receive, to obtain\] a discount — получить скидку
Club members get special discount off the normal rates. — Члены клуба получают специальную скидку с обычных тарифов.
He received cash discount of 3%. — Он получил скидку в размере 3% за оплату наличными.
to earn a discount — получить [заслужить, заработать\] скидку
When purchases must be placed within a specified period to earn a discount, the prospective contractor must indicate the required time period.
Those who purchase for cash are allowed a discount of 2%, while those who pay within one month can claim a discount of 1%.
to ask for a discount — просить [требовать\] скидку, обращаться за скидкой
If you're going to pay cash, ask for a discount.
It could be very useful to be able to negotiate a discount for cash if you are buying luxury items like a fur coat or an expensive piece of jewellery.
Large volume orders may be subject to a discount. — Крупные заказы могут подлежать скидке. [По крупным заказам может предоставляться скидка.\]
to qualify for a discount — иметь право на скидку; получить право на скидку; давать право на скидку
To qualify for discount all orders must be received by 30th June. — Чтобы иметь право на скидку, все заказы должны быть получены до 30 июня.
to be eligible for [to be entitled to\] a discount — иметь право на скидку
Find out if you are entitled to a discount. — Выясните, имеете ли вы право на скидку.
to lose a discount — терять скидку, терять право на скидку
This means that you can make 1 claim in any year or 2 claims in any 3-year period, and you won't lose the discount earned for your previous years of safe driving. — Это означает, что вы можете предъявить одно требование в течение любого года или два требования в течение любого трехлетнего периода, и вы не потеряете скидку, заработанную за предыдущие года безопасного вождения.
To find the sale price of the item, you calculate the discount and subtract the discount from the original price.
to reduce/to increase discount — уменьшать/увеличивать скидку
ThyssenKrupp Nirosta reduces cash discount.
Under the Local Government Act 2003, all District Councils have been allowed to reduce their Council Tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10%.
American Airlines also has increased its discount from 21 percent to 22 percent on all domestic fares and international full fares.
They've increased the tax discount on the house.
Syn:Ant:See:advertising discount, aggregated discount, bulk discount а), bulk purchase discount, cash discount, chain discount, commercial discount, cumulative discount, deep discount 2) а), deferred discount, discount allowed, discount earned, discount for cash, discount for cash payment, discount for early payment, discount for paying cash, discount for prompt payment, discount for quantity, discount for quantity purchases, discount from price, discount on price, discount received, discounts lost, early payment discount, functional discount, group discount 1) а), insurance discount, insurance premium discount, invoice discount 1) а), long discount, lost discounts, loyalty discount, net name discount, noncumulative discount, off-invoice discount, patronage discount, premium discount, prepayment discount, price discount а), prompt payment discount, purchase discount, quantity discount, quantity purchase discount, renewal discount, retail discount, retro discount, retrodiscount, retrospective discount, sales discount, series discount 1) а), short discount, special discount, staff discount, trade discount, trade-in discount, unearned discount а), volume discount, wholesale discount, amount of discount, discount amount а), discount broker а), discount brokerage, discount card, discount chain, discount coupon, discount drugstore, discount fare, discount goods, discount house 2) а), discount loss, discount market 2) а), discount merchandiser, discount period 1) а), discount policy 1) а), discount price, discount pricing, discount retailer, discount retailing, discount sale, discount scale, discount series, discount schedule, discount store, discount supermarket, discount table, discount terms, percentage of discount, scale of discounts, table of discounts, allowance 1. 3) discounted price а), discounted goods, premium price а), trade credit, EOM, ROG, discounter б), discountable 2) б), regular price, list price, off-price product, at a discount 1) а) IDIOM: five-finger discountб) фин., бирж. дисконт (сумма, на которую номинал или цена погашения ценной бумаги больше цены ее первоначального размещения или текущей рыночной цены)ATTRIBUTES:
accrued 2), amortizable 2) б)
deep discount — глубокий дисконт, значительный дисконт*
COMBS:
discount in the amount of— дисконт в сумме
discount of $125, $125 discount — дисконт в размере 125 долл.
As a result, X treats the loan as having original issue discount in the amount of $130000.
10% discount, discount of 10% — дисконт в размере 10%, десятипроцентный дисконт
For example, if a $1000 par bond was bought at a discount of $900, at maturity there would be a $100 gain.
a discount of 10 to 40 percent — дисконт (в размере) от 10% до 40%
a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%
discount on [below, to, off, from\] — дисконт к (цене, номиналу), дисконт с [от\] (цены, номинала)
Coupons are sold at a discount to maturity value.
The Company amortizes any discount or premium as part of interest expense on the related debt using the effective interest method.
Although the issuer will calculate original issue discount, if any, based on its determination of the accrual periods, a bondholder may, subject to some restrictions, elect other accrual periods.
All taxable discount securities, including Corporate and Government Bonds, Federal STRIPs, Eurobonds, and Taxable Municipal securities.
Ant:See:accrued discount, acquisition discount а), amortized discount, bond discount, debt discount, deep discount 1) а), discount from price, discount on price, Discount on Notes Payable, Discount on Notes Receivable, market discount а), original issue discount, price discount 1) б), share discount, unamortized discount, accretion of discount, accrual of discount, accumulation of discount, amortization of discount, amount of discount, discount accretion, discount amortization, discount amount б), discount bond, discount percentage 1) б), discount price, discount securities, discount yield, percentage of discount, discounted price б) premium price б) at a discount 1) б)в) фин., банк. дисконт, скидка (разница между номиналом векселя и суммой, получаемой векселедержателем при учете векселя до наступления срока его погашения)See:bank discount а), banker's discount, amount of discount, discount amount в), discount basis, discount interest rate, discount market 1) в), discount percentage 2) в), discount policy 2) в), discount rate 1) а), 1) б), discount rate of interest, percentage of discount, rate of discount, discounting 1)г) фин., бирж. дисконт, скидка (отклонение в меньшую сторону от официального курса валюты, т. е. ситуация, когда цена одной валюты занижена по отношению к цене другой валюты, напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту)д) фин., банк. дисконт (разница между базовой согласованной суммой кредита и суммой, фактически получаемой заемщиком; в обычных дисконтных кредитах соответствует величине процентов, подлежащих уплате по кредиту; в некоторых кредитах из базовой суммы кредита могут вычитаться дисконтные пункты или другие единовременные вознаграждения и комиссионные, причитающиеся кредитору)See:е) фин. дисконт, скидка (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций меньше базовой рыночной цены; такой дисконт может использоваться в качестве компенсации за узость вторичного рынка для акций, недостаточный размер продаваемого пакета акций для приобретения контроля за предприятием и т. п.)See:discount for lack of control, discount for lack of marketability, key person discount, lack of control discount, lack of marketability discount, marketability discount, minority discount, minority interest discountж) фин. скидка, дисконт (в самом общем смысле: сумма, на которую уменьшена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)Ant:See:acquisition discount б), compound discount, forward discount, interest discount, interest rate discount, loan discount 1) б), 2) б), merchant discount, reinvestment discount, tax discount, underwriter's discount, discount fee 1), 2), discount interest rate, discount mortgage, discount points, discount rate 1) в), 1) г), discount rate of interest, merchant discount fee, rate of discount, discounted mortgage, at a discount 2)2) банк., фин. учет, операция по учету [по дисконту\] (операция, в ходе которой банк или другое финансовое учреждение выкупает вексель или иное долговое обязательство у его держателя по цене, равной номиналу долгового обязательства за вычетом вознаграждения за оставшийся до погашения срок, напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. может продаваться за 90 долл.; впоследствии банк взыскивает полную номинальную стоимость долгового обязательства с лица, выписавшего это долговое обязательство)Syn:discounting 1)See:invoice discount 2) discount broker б), discount credit, discount factoring, discount fee 3) б), discount house 1) б), discount market 1) б), discount period 2) б), discount window, discounter а), discountability, discountable 1) а), bill broker, rediscount 1.3) фин. дисконтирование (определение текущей стоимости актива или текущей стоимости будущих потоков доходов и расходов)Syn:discounting 2)See:discount coefficient, discount factor, discount interest rate, discount rate 2), discount rate of interest, dividend discount model, rate of discount4)а) торг. процент скидки (величина скидки, выраженная в процентах к цене)Syn:б) фин. учетная ставка; ставка дисконта [дисконтирования\]Syn:discount rate 1) а), 1) а), 2) а)See:2. гл.1) торг. предоставлять [делать\] скидку, снижать цену (уменьшать обычную прейскурантную цену для покупателя, приобретающего значительное количество товара, рассчитывающегося наличными и т. п.); продавать со скидкой (уценивать товары, уменьшать цену продаваемых товаров)The shop discounted goods. — Магазин сделал скидку на товары.
to discount from [off\] price — сделать скидку с цены
to discount (by) 10% — делать скидку в размере 10%
Companies discount their goods by 10%-75% only to sell more volume. — Компании предоставляют скидку на свои товары в размере 10-75% [компании снижают цену своих товаров на 10-75%\] только для того, чтобы увеличить объем продаж.
If an item has not sold within two weeks the store discounts the item by 25% for the third week, 50% for the fourth week, and 75% for the fifth week. — Если предмет не продается в течении двух недель, то в течение третьей недели предмет предлагается со скидкой в 25%, в течение четвертой — со скидкой 50%, а в течение пятой — со скидкой 75%.
All items were discounted about 20% from the suggested list prices. — Цена всех товаров была снижена на 20% по сравнению с рекомендованной прейскурантной ценой.
The company discounted prices on its products. — Компания сделала скидку с цены на свои товары.
United discounts the fare by 50%. — "Юнайтед" делает скидку с тарифа в размере 50%.
The one-way fares are now discounted 15% off regular fares. — Стоимость проезда в один конец в настоящее время снижена на 15% по сравнению с обычными тарифами.
This interest rate is discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for an agreed period from the start of the mortgage. — Эта процентная ставка снижена по сравнению с опубликованной стандартной плавающей процентной ставкой банка на оговоренный период, считая от начала действия ипотечного кредита.
discounted mortgage — ипотека с дисконтом*, дисконтная ипотека*
discounted period — период скидки [скидок\]*, период действия скидки*
discounted price — цена со скидкой [с дисконтом\], дисконтная цена
See:discount period 1) б), discounted bond, discounted goods, discounted mortgage, discounted period, discounted price, discounter б), discountable 2) б), non-discountable, undiscounted 1) а), 1) б), discounting 3) б)2) фин., банк. учитыватьа) (приобретать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала, т. е. с дисконтом, с целью последующего взыскания суммы долга с должника)to discount at the rate of 10% — учитывать по ставке 10%
In the same way, circumstances often forced discount houses themselves to discount fine trade bills at the rate for fine bank bills. — Точно также, обстоятельства часто вынуждают сами дисконтные дома учитывать первоклассные торговые векселя по ставке, установленной для первоклассных банковских векселей.
The Federal Reserve was given the right to discount “eligible paper” for member banks, that is lend money to the banks on the basis of the commercial paper arising from loan transactions with their customers. — Федеральной резервной системе было предоставлено право учитывать "приемлемые бумаги" для банков-членов, т. е. давать банкам деньги взаймы на базе коммерческих бумаг, возникающих в связи с кредитными операциями с их клиентами.
б) (продавать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала специализированному финансовому учреждению)to discount the note at 10% — учитывать долговое обязательство под 10%
The company discounted the note at a bank at 10%. — Компания учла долговое обязательство в банке под 10%.
If the vendor receives a note, he may discount it at the bank. — Если торговец получает простой вексель, он может учесть его в банке.
to get a bill discounted — учесть вексель, произвести учет векселя
See:accounts receivable discounted, discounted bill, discounting 1), discountability, discountable 1), discounter 1) а), rediscount 2. 1) а)3) фин., банк. предоставлять дисконтный заем* (получать проценты вперед при даче денег взаймы, т. е. выдавать заемщику не полную оговоренную сумму кредита, а ее часть, оставшуюся после вычета определенного дисконта, и взамен сокращать или аннулировать процентную ставку на весь или часть срока кредита; употребляется всегда с дополнением в виде названия кредита)to discount the loan — предоставлять дисконтный заем, делать заем дисконтным
Negotiate the terms of the loan ( amount, interest rates) first and then lender discounts the loan by charging a fee which will be deducted from the loan amount before being dispersed to the borrower. — Договоритесь об условиях кредитования (сумма, процентные ставки) и потом кредитор сделает заем дисконтным путем взимания платы, которая будет вычтена из суммы займа перед выдачей заемщику.
See:4) фин. дисконтировать ( приводить будущие значения экономических показателей к текущей стоимости)to discount at a rate of 10% — дисконтировать по ставке 10%
Discount future cash flows to the present using the firm's cost of capital. — Приведите будущие денежные потоки к текущей стоимости, используя стоимость капитала фирмы.
To adjust for the time value of money, we discounted future costs to present value. — Чтобы осуществить корректировку на временную стоимость денег, мы привели будущие затраты к текущей стоимости.
We discount future cash flows by an interest rate that has been adjusted for risk. — Мы дисконтируем будущие денежные потоки, используя процентную ставку, скорректированную на риск.
The taxpayer must continue to discount the unpaid losses attributable to proportional reinsurance from pre-1988 accident years using the discount factors that were used in determining tax reserves for the 1987 tax year. — Налогоплательщик должен продолжать дисконтировать неоплаченные убытки, относящиеся к пропорциональному перестрахованию за годы убытка, предшествующие 1988 г., используя коэффициенты дисконтирования, которые применялись при определении налоговых резервов на 1987 налоговый год.
When comparing projects with different risk levels, it is best to discount each project's cash flows at its own discount rate and then compare the NPVs. — При сравнении проектов с разным уровнем риска, лучше всего произвести дисконтирование [продисконтировать\] денежные потоки каждого проекта по своей собственной ставке дисконтирования и затем сравнить чистую приведенную стоимость.
discounted cash flow — дисконтированный [приведенный\] денежный поток
discounted payback period — дисконтированный срок [период\] окупаемости
See:discounted cash flow, discounted game, discounted payback, discounted payback period, discounted present value, discounted value, present discounted value, discounting 2), discount rate 2), present value, discounted future earnings method, discounting 2), undiscounted 2)5) общ. не принимать в расчет, игнорировать, пропускать, опускать; относиться скептически, не принимать на веру, сомневаться в правдивостиto discount smb's opinion — игнорировать чье-л. мнение
They discount my opinion. — Они не принимают в расчет мое мнение.
We had already discounted the theory that they were involved. — Мы уже оставили идею об их причастности.
By stressing one factor, each theory discounts the others. — Выделяя один фактор, каждая теория оставляет без внимания остальные.
Democratic theory discounts the notion that allocation of scarce resources is the result of natural forces. — Демократическая теория игнорирует представление о том, что распределение редких ресурсов является результатом действия естественных сил.
Knowing his political bias they discounted most of his story. — Зная о его политических пристрастиях, они сомневались в правдивости большей части его истории.
Many people discount the value of statistical analysis. — Многие люди недооценивают статистический анализ.
6) бирж. учитывать* (обычно используется в биржевом контексте, указывая на то, что плохие или хорошие новости о компании-эмитенте, отдельной отрасли, экономике в целом либо ожидания получения таких новостей учитываются участниками рынка при определении курсов ценных бумаг, вызывая соответственно понижение или повышение курсов)Many traders don't realize the news they hear and read has, in many cases, already been discounted by the market. — Многие трейдеры не осознают, что новости, о которых они услышали или прочитали, уже были учтены рынком.
Technology stocks discounted a lot of bad news from abroad. — Акции технологических компаний отреагировали на обилие плохих новостей из-за границы.
The bear market ends when at least most of the bad news is finally discounted by the market. — "Медвежий" рынок заканчивается, когда, по крайней мере, большая часть из плохих новостей наконец учитывается рынком.
In the United States, the stock market double discounts expected inflation, first through long term bond yields and second through relative stock prices. — В Соединенных Штатах, фондовый рынок дважды учитывает ожидаемую инфляцию, во-первых, в доходности долгосрочных облигаций, а во-вторых, в ценах на соответствующие акции.
These stock prices are discounting anticipated massive increases in profits for the S&P 500 companies in the future. — Цены акций учитывают ожидаемый в будущем массовый рост прибылей компаний, включаемых в расчет индекса "Стандард энд Пурз 500".
Today’s prices are discounting all future events, not only today’s news. — Сегодняшние цены учитывают все будущие события, а не только сегодняшние новости.
See:
* * *
discount (Dis; Disct) 1) дисконт, скидка: разница между ценой эмиссии ценной бумаги или кредита (номиналом или ценой погашения) и ее текущей рыночной ценой или разница между наличным и срочным валютными курсами; 2) учет векселей: операция купли-продажи векселей по номиналу минус вознаграждение за оставшийся до погашения срок (напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. продается за 90 долл.); 3) скидка с цены товара (или возврат, напр., в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж); см. cash discount; 4) учет информации об определенном событии в движении цен, ставок, в т. ч. до его наступления; 5) соотношение между двумя валютами; напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту; 6) определить текущую стоимость актива, который имеет определенную стоимость на определенную дату в будущем.* * *вычет (процентов); дисконт; скидка; учет (векселя), учетный процент. Относится к цене продажи облигации. Цена ниже номинальной стоимости. См. также Premium (премия) . (1) The amount a price would be reduced to purchase a commodity of lesser grade; (2) sometimes used to refer to the price differences between futures of different delivery months, as in the phrase "July is trading at a discount to May," indicating that the price of the July future is lower than that of May; (3) applied to cash grain prices that are below the futures price. Словарь экономических терминов .* * *особое условие договора купли-продажи, определяющее размер снижения (уменьшения) исходной (базисной) цены сделки-----Финансы/Кредит/Валюта1. учет векселя2. процент, взимаемый банками при учете векселей3. скидка с цены валюты в валютных сделках -
9 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
10 cost
1. n1) цена; стоимость; себестоимость2) обыкн. pl расходы, издержки, затраты3) pl судебные издержки, судебные расходы
- absorbed costs
- accident costs
- acquisition cost
- actual cost
- actual costs
- actual manufacturing cost
- added cost
- additional cost
- adjusted historical cost
- administration costs
- administrative costs
- administrative and management costs
- administrative and operational services costs
- advertising costs
- after costs
- after-shipment costs
- aggregate costs
- agreed cost
- airfreight cost
- allocable costs
- allowable costs
- alternative costs
- amortization costs
- amortized cost
- ancillary costs
- annual costs
- anticipated costs
- applied cost
- arbitration costs
- assembly costs
- assessed cost
- average cost
- average costs
- average cost per unit
- average variable costs
- avoidable costs
- back-order costs
- basic cost
- billed cost
- book cost
- borrowing cost
- breakage cost
- break-even costs
- budget costs
- budgeted cost
- budgeted costs
- budgeted operating costs
- building costs
- burden costs
- calculated costs
- capacity costs
- capital costs
- capital floatation costs
- carriage costs
- carrying cost
- carrying costs
- centrally-managed costs
- changeover costs
- cleaning costs
- clerical costs
- closing costs
- collection costs
- combined cost
- commercial cost
- commercial costs
- committed costs
- common staff costs
- comparative costs
- competitive costs
- competitive marginal costs
- complaint costs
- conditional cost
- consequential costs
- considerable costs
- constant cost
- constant costs
- construction costs
- contract cost
- contractual costs
- controllable costs
- court costs
- crane costs
- credit costs
- cumulative costs
- current cost
- current costs
- current outlay costs
- current standard cost
- cycle inventory costs
- debt-servicing costs
- declining costs
- decorating costs
- decreasing costs
- defect costs
- defence costs
- deferred costs
- deficiency costs
- degressive costs
- delivery costs
- departmental costs
- depleted cost
- depreciable cost
- depreciated cost
- depreciated replacement cost
- depreciation costs
- designing costs
- deterioration costs
- development costs
- differential costs
- direct costs
- direct labour costs
- direct operating costs
- direct payroll costs
- discretionary fixed costs
- dismantling costs
- distribution costs
- distribution marketing cost
- domestic resource costs
- double-weighted borrowing cost
- downtime costs
- economic costs
- eligible costs
- engineering costs
- entry cost
- environmental costs
- equipment capital costs
- erection costs
- escalating costs
- escapable costs
- estimated cost
- estimated costs
- evaluation cost
- excess cost
- excess costs
- excessive costs
- exhibition costs
- exploration costs
- extra costs
- extra and extraordinary costs
- extraordinary costs
- fabrication cost
- factor cost
- factor costs
- factory cost
- factory costs
- factory overhead costs
- failure costs
- farm production costs
- farmer's cost
- farming costs
- feed costs
- fertilizing costs
- final cost
- financial costs
- financing costs
- first cost
- fixed costs
- fixed capital replacement costs
- flat cost
- floatation costs
- food costs
- foreign housing costs
- formation costs
- freight costs
- fuel costs
- full cost
- full costs
- funding cost
- general costs
- general running costs
- government-controlled production costs
- guarantee costs
- harvesting costs
- haul costs
- haulage costs
- heavy costs
- hedging cost
- hidden costs
- high cost
- hiring costs
- historical cost
- hospitality costs
- hotel costs
- hourly costs
- idle capacity costs
- idle time costs
- implicit costs
- implied interest costs
- imputed costs
- incidental costs
- increasing costs
- incremental costs
- incremental cost of capital
- incremental costs of circulation
- incremental costs of service
- incurred costs
- indirect costs
- indirect labour costs
- indirect manufacturing costs
- indirect payroll costs
- indirect production costs
- individual costs
- industrial costs
- industry-average costs
- initial cost
- inland freight cost
- inspection costs
- installation costs
- insurance costs
- insured cost
- intangible costs
- integrated cost
- interest costs
- inventoriable costs
- inventory cost
- inventory costs
- inventory acquisition costs
- inventory possession costs
- investigation costs
- investment costs
- invoiced cost
- issuing cost
- joint cost
- labour costs
- landed cost
- launching cost
- launching costs
- layoff costs
- legal costs
- legitimate costs
- life cycle costs
- life repair cost
- liquidation cost
- litigation costs
- living costs
- loading costs
- loan cost
- long-run average costs
- long-run marginal costs
- low costs
- low operating costs
- lump-sum costs
- machining cost
- maintenance costs
- maintenance-and-repair costs
- management costs
- man-power cost
- man-power costs
- manufacturing cost
- manufacturing costs
- manufacturing overhead costs
- marginal costs
- marginal-factor costs
- maritime costs
- marketing costs
- material costs
- material handling costs
- merchandising costs
- miscellaneous costs
- mixed cost
- mounting costs
- net cost
- nominal cost
- nonmanufacturing costs
- obsolescence costs
- offering cost
- one-off costs
- one-off costs of acquiring land, buildings and equipment
- one-shot costs
- operating costs
- operation costs
- operational costs
- opportunity costs
- order cost
- ordering cost
- order initiation cost
- ordinary costs
- organization costs
- organizational costs
- original cost
- original cost of the assets
- original cost of capital
- out-of-pocket costs
- overall cost
- overall costs
- overhead costs
- overtime costs
- own costs
- owning costs
- packaging cost
- packing cost
- past costs
- past sunk costs
- payroll cost
- payroll costs
- penalty cost
- penalty costs
- period costs
- permissible costs
- personnel costs
- piece costs
- planned costs
- postponable costs
- predetermined costs
- prepaid costs
- preproduction costs
- prime cost
- processing costs
- procurement costs
- product cost
- production cost
- production costs
- product unit cost
- progress-generating costs
- progressive costs
- prohibitive costs
- project costs
- project development cost
- projected costs
- promotional costs
- protected costs
- publicity costs
- purchase costs
- purchasing costs
- pure costs of circulation
- quality costs
- quality-inspection costs
- real cost
- real costs
- recall costs
- reconstruction cost
- recoverable cost
- recurring costs
- reduction costs
- reimbursable cost
- relative cost
- relevant costs
- removal costs
- renewal cost
- reoperating costs
- reoperation costs
- reorder cost
- repair cost
- repair costs
- replacement cost
- replacement costs
- replacement cost at market rates
- replacement cost of borrowing
- replacement cost of capital assets
- replacement cost of equipment
- replacement depreciation cost
- replenishment cost
- reproduction cost
- reproduction costs
- research costs
- research and development costs
- reservation costs
- rework costs
- rising costs
- road maintenance costs
- running costs
- run-on costs
- salvage cost
- salvage costs
- scheduled costs
- scrap cost
- selling costs
- semi-variable costs
- service costs
- servicing costs
- setting-up costs
- set-up costs
- shadow costs
- shelter costs
- shipping costs
- shortage costs
- single cost
- social costs
- social marginal costs
- social overhead costs
- sorting costs
- special costs
- specification costs
- spoilage costs
- staff costs
- stand costs
- standard cost
- standard costs
- standard direct labour costs
- standard direct materials cost
- standard factory overhead cost
- standing costs
- start-up costs
- stepped costs
- stocking cost
- stockout costs
- storage costs
- sunk costs
- supervision costs
- supplementary costs
- supplementary costs of circulation
- tangible costs
- target cost
- target costs
- taxable cost of shares
- tentative cost
- time-related cost
- total cost
- training cost
- training costs
- transaction costs
- transfer costs
- transhipment costs
- transport costs
- transportation costs
- travel costs
- travelling costs
- trim costs
- true cost
- true costs
- trust cost
- unamortized cost
- unavoidable costs
- underwriting cost
- unexpired costs
- unit cost
- unit costs
- unloading costs
- unrecovered cost
- unscheduled costs
- upkeep costs
- upward costs
- utility's costs
- variable costs
- variable capital costs
- wage costs
- war costs
- warehouse costs
- warehousing costs
- weighted average cost
- welfare costs
- wintering costs
- working cost
- working costs
- costs for bunker
- costs for storing
- costs of administration
- cost of appraisal
- cost of arbitration
- cost of borrowing
- cost of boxing
- cost of bunker
- cost of capital
- cost of capital deeping
- cost of carriage
- cost of carry
- cost of carrying inventory
- costs of circulation
- cost of civil engineering work
- cost of construction
- cost of a contract
- cost of credit
- cost of delivery
- cost of demonstration
- cost of discounting
- cost of disposal
- cost of education
- cost of equipment
- cost of equity capital
- cost of filing
- cost of financing
- cost of fixed capital
- cost of funds
- cost of goods
- cost of haulage
- cost of hotel accommodation
- costs of housing
- costs of idleness
- cost of installation
- cost of insurance
- costs of inventory
- cost of issue
- cost of labour
- cost of a licence
- cost of living
- cost of manpower
- cost of manufacture
- cost of manufactured goods
- cost of manufacturing
- costs of material
- costs of material inputs
- cost of money
- cost of obtaining funds
- costs of operations
- cost of an order
- cost of packaging
- cost of packing
- cost of postage
- costs of production
- cost of product sold
- cost of a project
- cost of publication
- cost of putting goods into a saleable condition
- cost of reclamation
- cost of reinsurance
- costs of reliability
- cost of renting
- cost of renting a trading post
- cost of repairs
- costs of routine maintenance
- cost of sales
- costs of sales
- cost of scrap
- cost of service
- cost of servicing
- costs of shipping
- cost of storage
- cost of a suit
- costs of supervision
- cost of tare
- costs of trackage
- costs of transportation
- cost of work
- cost per inquiry
- costs per unit
- above cost
- at cost
- at the cost of
- at extra cost
- below cost
- less costs
- minus costs
- next to cost
- under cost
- with costs
- without regard to cost
- exclusive of costs
- free of cost
- cost of market, whichever is lower
- cost plus percentage of cost
- absorb costs
- allocate costs
- assess the cost
- assess costs
- assume costs
- award costs against smb.
- bear costs
- calculate costs
- charge cost
- compute the cost
- cover the cost
- cover costs
- curb costs
- curtail costs
- cut down on costs
- cut production costs
- decrease the cost
- defray the costs
- determine the cost
- disregard costs
- distort the cost
- distribute costs
- entail costs
- estimate costs
- exceed the cost
- impose costs
- increase cost
- incur costs
- inflict economic and social costs
- involve costs
- itemize costs
- keep down costs
- meet the cost
- meet costs
- offset the cost
- offset the costs
- offset high interest costs
- overestimate production costs
- pay costs
- prune away costs
- push up costs
- recompense the cost
- recoup the cost
- recover costs
- reduce costs
- refund the cost
- revise the cost
- save costs
- sell at a cost
- share the cost
- slash costs
- split up the cost
- trim costs
- write off costs
- write off costs against revenues
- write off capital costs2. v1) стоить -
11 acceptance
1. n1) акцепт, акцептование2) акцептованный вексель, тратта3) принятие (предложения)4) приемка (изделий, оборудования)
- absolute acceptance
- accommodation acceptance
- agreed acceptance
- banker's acceptance
- blank acceptance
- brand acceptance
- clean acceptance
- collateral acceptance
- complete acceptance
- conditional acceptance
- confirmed acceptance
- consumer acceptance
- credit acceptance
- dollar acceptance
- draft acceptance
- eligible acceptance
- eligible banker's acceptance
- full acceptance
- general acceptance
- invalid acceptance
- long-term acceptance
- official acceptance
- ordinary acceptance
- partial acceptance
- preliminary acceptance
- prime banker's acceptance
- prior acceptance
- prompt acceptance
- qualified acceptance
- rebated acceptance
- registered acceptance
- short-term acceptance
- special acceptance
- sterling acceptance
- subsequent acceptance
- tacit acceptance
- trade acceptance
- unconditional acceptance
- uncovered acceptance
- unqualified acceptance
- valid acceptance
- verbal acceptance
- acceptance against documents
- acceptance by intervention
- acceptance for honour
- acceptance in blank
- acceptance of a bid
- acceptance of a bill
- acceptance of a cheque
- acceptance of commercial papers
- acceptance of a commission
- acceptance of conditions
- acceptance of a deposit
- acceptance of documents for collection
- acceptance of a draft
- acceptance of a drawee
- acceptance of goods
- acceptance of an invoice
- acceptance of an offer
- acceptance of a payer
- acceptance of payment documents
- acceptance of a proposal
- acceptance of recommendations
- acceptance supra protest
- acceptance under rebate
- acceptance without provision
- acceptance with provision
- acceptance with reserve
- acceptance presented for payment
- complete an acceptance
- discount a banker's acceptance
- effect acceptance
- give an offer a conditional acceptance
- make acceptance
- obtain acceptance
- pay an acceptance
- present a bill for acceptance
- present documents for acceptance
- provide with an acceptance
- refuse acceptance
- signify acceptance2. adj
- acceptance credit
- acceptance houseEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > acceptance
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12 list
̈ɪlɪst I
1. сущ.
1) список, перечень, реестр, инвентарь on a list ≈ по списку She was third on the list. ≈ Она была третьей по списку. to compile list, draw up list, make list ≈ составлять список to enter in a list ≈ вносить в список to go down, read down a list ≈ читать список to head a list ≈ стоять первым в списке alphabetical list casualty list duty list guest list hit list legal list mailing list shopping list waiting list
2) каталог Syn: catalogue
3) сл. перечисление меринов, находящихся в процессе тренировок (о бегах) to put on the list сл. ≈ кастрировать
2. гл.
1) вносить в список;
составлять список;
регистрировать to list for service ≈ вносить в списки военнообязанных Syn: enumerate register
2.
2) относить к какой-л. категории He lists himself as a political liberal. ≈ Он считает себя либералом.
3) архаич. а) перех. вербовать Syn: recruit
2. б) непер. поступать на военную службу Syn: enlist
4) стоить по каталогу Syn: a car that lists for $12,000 ≈ автомобиль, который стоит 12 тыс. долларов по каталогу II
1. сущ. крен, наклон to take a list ≈ накрениться Syn: heel II
1., careen
1., tilt I
1.
2. гл. крениться, накреняться Syn: careen
2.
1), heel II
2., cant I
2.
2), slant
2., slope
2.
1), tilt I
2.
1), tip II
2.
1) III
1. сущ.
1) а) кромка, край б) кайма, оторочка( на одежде, обыкн. из другой ткани) ∙ list slippers ≈ комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) Syn: border
1., edge
1., selvage, band I
1. в) полоска, лента Syn: strip I
1. г) прядь волос д) архит. поясок, листель Syn: listel
2) мн. огороженное место;
арена( турнира, состязания) enter the lists
2. гл.
1) отрезать узкую полоску земли
2) обрабатывать (землю) с помощью листера IV
1. сущ.;
архаич. желание, стремление;
склонность Syn: desire
1., craving, longing
1., inclination
2. гл.;
архаич. желать, хотеть Syn: desire
2., crave список;
перечень, реестр - duty * расписание дежурств - the active * (военное) список кадрового состава;
кадровый состав - diplomatic * дипломатический список - the waiting * список очередности - to make a * составлять список - to enter in a * вносить в список - to stand first on the * быть на первом месте в списке прейскурант - * price цена по прейскуранту каталог вносить в список;
составлять список - to * smb.'s name вносить чью-л. фамилию в список - to * all one's books составить список всех своих книг - to * for service вносить в список военнообязанных (устаревшее) = enlist относить к какой-л. категории - she *s herself as an artist она считает себя художницей (коммерческое) стоить по прейскуранту - a radio that *s for $10 over the sale price радиоприемник, который по прейскуранту стоит на 10 долларов больше, чем на распродаже край, кромка;
бордюр, кайма полоска, обрезок( сукна, кожи и т. п.) - * slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (сукна, кожи и т. п.) прядь (волос) поручень( перил) (архитектура) листель, поясок pl огороженное место;
арена (турнира, состязания) - to enter the *s бросить вызов;
принять вызов pl арена борьбы;
сфера разногласий (морское) наклон, крен - to take a * накрениться - to have a bad * сильно крениться - to give the ship a * заставить корабль накрениться (морское) крениться, накреняться (тж. * off) (сельскохозяйственное) листеровать, обрабатывать листером (устаревшее) слушать;
выслушивать с вниманием (устаревшее) желать, хотеть - let him do what he *s пусть он делает, что хочет или что ему нравится access ~ вчт. таблица доступа argument ~ вчт. список параметров argument type ~ вчт. список типов параметров association ~ вчт. ассоциативный список associative ~ вчт. ассоциативный список attribute-value ~ вчт. список свойств available ~ вчт. список имеющихся устройств bidirectional ~ двусторонний опросный лист bidirectional ~ двусторонний статистический формуляр bring up a ~ вчт. извлекать список case ~ перечень судебных дел cause ~ перечень судебных заседаний cause ~ список дел к слушанию chained ~ вчт. список с использованием указателей coalition ~ список членов коалиции code ~ суд. сигнальный регистр compile ~ составлять перечень contents ~ содержание control ~ вчт. управляющая таблица daily case ~ ежедневный перечень судебных дел data ~ вчт. список данных discrepancy ~ перечень разногласий display ~ вчт. дисплейный файл drive ~ вчт. перечень файлов дисковода embargo ~ ограничительный список ~ список, перечень, реестр;
инвентарь;
to enter in a list вносить в список;
to make a list составлять список;
duty list расписание дежурств to enter the ~s бросить вызов to enter the ~s принять вызов to enter the ~s участвовать в состязании file ~ вчт. список файлов free entry ~ список товаров, не облагаемых пошлиной freight ~ перечень грузов history ~ вчт. предыстория holiday ~ упр. список отпусков honours ~ список получивших почетные звания в течение года identifier ~ вчт. таблица имен import ~ вчт. список импорта installation ~ вчт. список установки inverted ~ вчт. инвертированный список jurors' ~ состав присяжных jurors' ~ список присяжных linked ~ вчт. список с использованием указателей list разг. см. enlist ~ амер. с.-х. борозда, сделанная листером ~ вносить в список;
составлять список;
to list for service вносить в списки военнообязанных ~ вносить в список, составлять список ~ вносить в список ~ мор. крен, наклон;
to take a list накрениться ~ крениться, накреняться ~ кромка, каемка;
кайма, оторочка, бордюр;
край ~ курсовой бюллетень ~ архит. листель ~ амер. обрабатывать землю листером ~ pl огороженное место;
арена (турнира, состязания) ~ опросный бланк ~ опросный лист ~ переписной лист ~ перечень ~ перечень ценных бумаг ~ вчт. перечислять ~ реестр ~ составлять список ~ список, перечень, реестр, инвентарь ~ список, перечень, реестр;
инвентарь;
to enter in a list вносить в список;
to make a list составлять список;
duty list расписание дежурств ~ вчт. список ~ список ~ статистический формуляр ~ attr. сделанный из каймы, полос, обрезков;
list slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) ~ вносить в список;
составлять список;
to list for service вносить в списки военнообязанных ~ of accessions док. каталог новых поступлений ~ of accounts список счетов ~ of approved suppliers список одобренных поставщиков ~ of arrears ведомость просроченных платежей ~ of authorized signatures список лиц, имеющих право подписи ~ of balances ведомость состояния счетов ~ of bonds drawn for redemption таблица погашаемых облигаций ~ of creditors список кредиторов ~ of customer undertakings перечень обязательств клиентов ~ of customers список клиентов ~ of debtors список дебиторов ~ of debtors список должников ~ of deficiencies торг. дефектная ведомость ~ of documents перечень документов ~ of drawings таблица выигрышей ~ of eligible jurors список присяжных заседателей, имеющих право на избрание ~ of employees список работников ~ of employees список служащих ~ of exhibits список экспонатов ~ of exhibits objects список вещественных доказательств ~ of exposures список потенциальных убытков ~ of goods and services перечень товаров и услуг ~ of ledger balances ведомость остатков по бухгалтерским книгам ~ of members список членов ~ of mortgages according to rank список закладных по категориям ~ of names список фамилий ~ of opening balances ведомость начальных остатков ~ of potential jurors список кандидатов в присяжные заседатели ~ of proposed legislation перечень предложенных законов ~ of proved claims перечень обоснованных исков ~ of stock-exchange quotations таблица биржевых курсов ~ of stolen goods опись похищенных товаров ~ of tenants список арендаторов ~ of titles перечень документов, удостоверяющих право собственности ~ on the stock exchange допускать ценную бумагу к официальной торговле на фондовой бирже ~ attr. сделанный из каймы, полос, обрезков;
list slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) mailing ~ рассылочная ведомость mailing ~ список адресов ~ список, перечень, реестр;
инвентарь;
to enter in a list вносить в список;
to make a list составлять список;
duty list расписание дежурств make a ~ составлять список multithreaded ~ вчт. мультисписок nonjury ~ рассмотрение дела без участия присяжных nonparty ~ список беспартийных official ~ официальный список ценных бумаг, котируемых на Лондонской фондовой бирже one-of-a-kind ~ вчт. список определенной структуры order ~ список заказов packing ~ упаковочный лист packing ~ упаковочный реестр pick ~ вчт. список обрабатывавшихся файлов positive ~ точный список price ~ отпечатанный лист с продажной ценой на разные товары одной компании, прайс-лист price ~ прейскурант priority ~ вчт. список очередности property ~ вчт. список свойств push-down ~ вчт. стек push-up ~ вчт. очередь sailings ~ расписание движения судов selection ~ вчт. список выбора sensitivity ~ вчт. список сигналов запуска share ~ список акций share ~ фондовая курсовая таблица space ~ вчт. список свободных ячеек stock ~ курсовой бюллетень stock-exchange ~ курсовой бюллетень subscription ~ подписной лист subscription: ~ attr. подписной;
subscription list подписной лист summary ~ вчт. сводный список supplementary ~ дополнительный курсовой бюллетень supplementary ~ дополнительный перечень ценных бумаг ~ мор. крен, наклон;
to take a list накрениться tender ~ список заявок на торгах tender ~ список оферт threaded ~ вчт. связный список value ~ вчт. список значений waiting ~ вчт. очередь waiting ~ список очередников;
список кандидатов на должность waiting ~ список очередников waiting ~ список очередности заказов waiting ~ список очередности заявок waiting: ~ ждущий;
waiting list список кандидатов (на должность, на получение жилплощади и т. п.) want ~ список необходимых товаров watch ~ список ценных бумаг, за которым ведется наблюдение -
13 bill
1) счёт к оплате2) перечисление сумм, подлежащих выплате3) разг. затраты по счетам (на приобретённые товары, услуги)4) торг. счёт, фактура || выписывать счёт [фактуру]5) торговый контракт; свидетельство, декларация6) накладная, список || выписывать накладную7) вексель; тратта8) долговое обязательство9) опись товаров (при перевозках по железной дороге)10) амер. банкнота11) законопроект, билль12) рекламное объявление в афише || объявлять в афишах- due bill- solebill- tax bill- way bill -
14 list
[̈ɪlɪst]access list вчт. таблица доступа argument list вчт. список параметров argument type list вчт. список типов параметров association list вчт. ассоциативный список associative list вчт. ассоциативный список attribute-value list вчт. список свойств available list вчт. список имеющихся устройств bidirectional list двусторонний опросный лист bidirectional list двусторонний статистический формуляр bring up a list вчт. извлекать список case list перечень судебных дел cause list перечень судебных заседаний cause list список дел к слушанию chained list вчт. список с использованием указателей coalition list список членов коалиции code list суд. сигнальный регистр compile list составлять перечень contents list содержание control list вчт. управляющая таблица daily case list ежедневный перечень судебных дел data list вчт. список данных discrepancy list перечень разногласий display list вчт. дисплейный файл drive list вчт. перечень файлов дисковода embargo list ограничительный список list список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств to enter the lists бросить вызов to enter the lists принять вызов to enter the lists участвовать в состязании file list вчт. список файлов free entry list список товаров, не облагаемых пошлиной freight list перечень грузов history list вчт. предыстория holiday list упр. список отпусков honours list список получивших почетные звания в течение года identifier list вчт. таблица имен import list вчт. список импорта installation list вчт. список установки inverted list вчт. инвертированный список jurors' list состав присяжных jurors' list список присяжных linked list вчт. список с использованием указателей list разг. см. enlist list амер. с.-х. борозда, сделанная листером list вносить в список; составлять список; to list for service вносить в списки военнообязанных list вносить в список, составлять список list вносить в список list мор. крен, наклон; to take a list накрениться list крениться, накреняться list кромка, каемка; кайма, оторочка, бордюр; край list курсовой бюллетень list архит. листель list амер. обрабатывать землю листером list pl огороженное место; арена (турнира, состязания) list опросный бланк list опросный лист list переписной лист list перечень list перечень ценных бумаг list вчт. перечислять list реестр list составлять список list список, перечень, реестр, инвентарь list список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств list вчт. список list список list статистический формуляр list attr. сделанный из каймы, полос, обрезков; list slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) list вносить в список; составлять список; to list for service вносить в списки военнообязанных list of accessions док. каталог новых поступлений list of accounts список счетов list of approved suppliers список одобренных поставщиков list of arrears ведомость просроченных платежей list of authorized signatures список лиц, имеющих право подписи list of balances ведомость состояния счетов list of bonds drawn for redemption таблица погашаемых облигаций list of creditors список кредиторов list of customer undertakings перечень обязательств клиентов list of customers список клиентов list of debtors список дебиторов list of debtors список должников list of deficiencies торг. дефектная ведомость list of documents перечень документов list of drawings таблица выигрышей list of eligible jurors список присяжных заседателей, имеющих право на избрание list of employees список работников list of employees список служащих list of exhibits список экспонатов list of exhibits objects список вещественных доказательств list of exposures список потенциальных убытков list of goods and services перечень товаров и услуг list of ledger balances ведомость остатков по бухгалтерским книгам list of members список членов list of mortgages according to rank список закладных по категориям list of names список фамилий list of opening balances ведомость начальных остатков list of potential jurors список кандидатов в присяжные заседатели list of proposed legislation перечень предложенных законов list of proved claims перечень обоснованных исков list of stock-exchange quotations таблица биржевых курсов list of stolen goods опись похищенных товаров list of tenants список арендаторов list of titles перечень документов, удостоверяющих право собственности list on the stock exchange допускать ценную бумагу к официальной торговле на фондовой бирже list attr. сделанный из каймы, полос, обрезков; list slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) mailing list рассылочная ведомость mailing list список адресов list список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств make a list составлять список multithreaded list вчт. мультисписок nonjury list рассмотрение дела без участия присяжных nonparty list список беспартийных official list официальный список ценных бумаг, котируемых на Лондонской фондовой бирже one-of-a-kind list вчт. список определенной структуры order list список заказов packing list упаковочный лист packing list упаковочный реестр pick list вчт. список обрабатывавшихся файлов positive list точный список price list отпечатанный лист с продажной ценой на разные товары одной компании, прайс-лист price list прейскурант priority list вчт. список очередности property list вчт. список свойств push-down list вчт. стек push-up list вчт. очередь sailings list расписание движения судов selection list вчт. список выбора sensitivity list вчт. список сигналов запуска share list список акций share list фондовая курсовая таблица space list вчт. список свободных ячеек stock list курсовой бюллетень stock-exchange list курсовой бюллетень subscription list подписной лист subscription: list attr. подписной; subscription list подписной лист summary list вчт. сводный список supplementary list дополнительный курсовой бюллетень supplementary list дополнительный перечень ценных бумаг list мор. крен, наклон; to take a list накрениться tender list список заявок на торгах tender list список оферт threaded list вчт. связный список value list вчт. список значений waiting list вчт. очередь waiting list список очередников; список кандидатов на должность waiting list список очередников waiting list список очередности заказов waiting list список очередности заявок waiting: list ждущий; waiting list список кандидатов (на должность, на получение жилплощади и т. п.) want list список необходимых товаров watch list список ценных бумаг, за которым ведется наблюдение -
15 paper
1. сущ.1) потр. бумага; лист бумагиbrown [ruled\] paper — оберточная [линованная\] бумага
See:2) эк. документ, официальная бумагаSyn:See:Country Strategy Paper, collection papers, dealer paper, entry papers, Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, owner's paper, Policy Framework Paper, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper3) мн., эк. бумажные деньги [денежные знаки\], банкнотыSee:4) фин., банк. (коммерческая) бумага (обобщающее название для различных краткосрочных долговых инструментов, таких как долговые расписки, переводные векселя и т. д.)Syn:See:paper credit, paper dealer, bearer paper, commodity paper, direct paper, eligible paper, eurocommercial paper, government paper, negotiable paper, trade paper 1), two-name paper, commercial bill, promissory note, bill I 1. 5), bill of exchange5) СМИ газетаto make the papers — попасть в газеты, вызвать сенсацию, прославиться
Syn:See:trade paper 2)6) общ. научный доклад; статья; диссертацияto read [to present\] one's paper — делать доклад
7) потр. обои2. прил.to paste [to cover with\] paper — наклеивать обои
1) общ. бумажный (сделанный из бумаги; подобный бумаге)2) общ. бумажный, канцелярский ( о работе)See:3) эк., юр. фиктивный ( существующий только на бумаге)See:4) эк. бумажный ( относящийся к бумажным деньгам)See:5) фин. бумажный ( относящийся к ценным бумагам)See:3. гл.1) общ. заворачивать в бумагу2) потр. оклеивать обоями
* * *
1) бумага, бумаги: ценные бумаги, документы; 2) краткосрочные финансовые инструменты рынка типа векселей; = commercial paper.* * *• бумажный• документ* * *. Инструменты денежного рынка, 'коммерческие бумаги' и др . краткосрочное долговое обязательство; документ; доклад; текст выступления Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельностьценные бумаги, документы -
16 ECE
1) Военный термин: Elements of Communications Equipment, earliest completion of event, environmental control equipment, experiment checkout equipment2) Техника: Expander Cycle Engine, electrical checkout equipment, electrical conductivity of extract, experimental checkout equipment3) Юридический термин: (European Convention on Extradition) Европейская конвенция "Об экстрадиции"4) Политика: Economic Commission for Europe, ЕЭК5) Университет: Electrical And Computer Engineering6) Физиология: Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis7) Нефть: Европейская экономическая комиссия, Экономическая комиссия ООН для стран Европы (Economic Commission for Europe)8) Фирменный знак: Excelsior College Exams9) Деловая лексика: Экономическая комиссия ООН для Европы (UN Economic Commission for Europe), Европейская экономическая комиссия ООН (UN's Economic Commission for Europe)10) Образование: Early Childhood Education11) ЕБРР: Economic Commission for Europe (UN)12) Энергосистемы: eligible commercial entity13) Международные перевозки: International Convention for the Harmonization of Frontiers Controls of Goods -
17 list
1) список, перелік; опитувальний лист2) укладати список (перелік); вносити до списку•- list of arrearslist of experts approved by the court — список експертів, затверджений судом
- list of authorised signatures
- list of authorized signatures
- list of candidates
- list of documents
- list of electors
- list of eligible jurors
- list of employees
- list of exhibits objects
- list of exposures
- list of members
- list of names
- list of potential jurors
- list of proposed legislation
- list of proved claims
- list of stolen goods
- list of titles
- list of voters
- list of wanteds -
18 liable
to be held liable for sth être tenu(e) (pour) responsable de qch;∎ to be liable for sb's debts répondre des dettes de qn;∎ employers are liable for their staff's mistakes les employeurs sont responsables des erreurs de leur personnelto be liable for tax (person) être assujetti à ou redevable de l'impôt; (goods) être assujetti à une taxe -
19 bill
n1) счет2) список3) документ (удостоверение, свидетельство и т.п.)4) вексель; тратта5) амер. банкнота, казначейский билет6) законопроект
- acceptance bill of exchange
- accepted bill
- accommodation bill
- account bill
- addressed bill
- advance bill
- after date bill
- after sight bill
- air bill
- air bill of lading
- aircraft bill of lading
- airfreight bill
- airway bill
- appropriation bill
- auction bill
- backed bill
- balance bill
- bank bill
- bankable bill
- banker's bill
- bearer bill
- bearer bill of lading
- blank bill
- budget bill
- claused bill of exchange
- claused bill of lading
- clean bill of exchange
- clean bill of health
- clean bill of lading
- clearance bill
- collateral bill
- collective bill of lading
- commercial bill of exchange
- counter bill
- credit bill
- cross bill
- currency bill
- customs bill
- demand bill
- demand bill of exchange
- dirty bill of lading
- discount bill
- discountable bill
- dishonoured bill
- documentary bill
- documentary bill of exchange
- domestic bill
- domiciliated bill of exchange
- draft bill
- drawn bill
- due bill
- eligible bill
- endorsed bill
- exchequer bill
- expired bill
- extended bill
- ficticious bill
- finance bill
- fine bill
- fine bank bill
- fine trade bill
- first bill of exchange
- first-rate bill
- foreign bill of exchange
- forged bill
- foul bill of health
- foul bill of lading
- freight bill
- Freight Collect bill of lading
- Freight Paid bill of lading
- garage bill
- gilt-edged bill
- grouped bill of lading
- guarantee bill
- guaranteed bill
- hand bill
- honoured bill
- hot treasury bills
- in-clearing bill
- ineligible bill
- inland bill
- inscribed bill
- interim bill
- investment bill
- inward bill of lading
- local bill
- long bill
- long-dated bill
- long-range bill
- long-term bill
- master bill of materials
- matured bill
- mercantile bill
- negotiable bill
- nonnegotiable bill
- noted bill
- ocean bill of lading
- omnibus bill of lading
- on board bill of lading
- order bill
- order bill of lading
- ordinary bill
- original bill
- out-clearing bill
- outland bill
- outstanding bill of exchange
- outward bill of lading
- overdue bill
- paid bill of exchange
- past-due bill
- pawned bill
- payment bill
- port bill of lading
- prime bill
- proforma bill
- prolonged bill
- protested bill
- provisional bill
- raised bill
- received for shipment bill of lading
- rediscounted bill
- renewal bill
- repairs bill
- returned bill
- second bill
- secured bill
- security bill
- shipped bill of lading
- shipping bill
- short bill
- short-dated bill
- short-termed bill
- sight bill
- single bill
- sola bill
- sole bill
- straight bill of lading
- suspected bill of health
- tax bill
- telephone bill
- term bill
- third bill
- through bill of lading
- time bill
- touched bill of health
- trade bill
- transhipment bill of lading
- treasury bill
- truck bill of lading
- unclean bill of lading
- uncollectible bill
- uncovered bill
- undiscountable bill
- unexpired bill
- uniform bill of lading
- unpaid bill
- unprotected bill
- unsecured bill
- upcoming bill
- usance bill
- victualling bill
- wage bill
- window bill
- bill after date
- bill after sight
- bill at short date
- bill at sight
- bill at usance
- bill for collection
- bills in circulation
- bills in hand
- bills in a set
- bill of acceptance
- bill of adventure
- bill of charges
- bill of clearance
- bill of costs
- bill of credit
- bill of entry
- bill of exchange
- bill of expenses
- bill of fare
- bill of goods
- bill of health
- bill of indictment
- bill of lading
- bill of materials
- bill of parcels
- bill of products
- bill of quantities
- bill of redraft
- bill of review
- bill of sale
- bill of sight
- bill of store
- bill of stores
- bill of sufference
- bill of victualling
- bill to bearer
- bill to the order of another person
- bill to one's own order
- bill with recourse
- bills discounted
- bills payable
- bills receivable
- bill drawn against commodity
- bills drawn in a set
- bill noted for protest
- accept a bill
- accept a bill for collection
- accept a bill for discount
- advise a bill
- amend a bill
- back a bill
- cancel a bill
- cash a bill
- collect a bill
- cover a bill
- discharge a bill
- discount a bill
- dishonour a bill
- domicile a bill
- draw a bill of exchange
- draw a bill on a bank
- endorse a bill
- endorse a bill in blank
- fill the bill
- foot the bill
- get a bill protested
- give a bill of exchange
- give a bill on discount
- give security for a bill
- guarantee a bill
- have a bill noted
- have a bill protested
- honour a bill
- issue a bill of exchange
- make a bill payable to order
- make out a bill
- meet a bill
- negotiate a bill of exchange
- note a bill for protest
- pay a bill
- pay a bill at maturity
- pay by means of a bill
- prepare a bill
- present a bill for acceptance
- present a bill for payment
- prolong a bill of exchange
- protect a bill of exchange
- rediscount a bill of exchange
- redraw a bill
- remit a bill for collection
- renew a bill of exchange
- retire a bill
- return a bill under protest
- settle a bill
- sign a bill of exchange per procuration
- take a bill on discount
- take up a bill of exchange
- withdraw a bill
- write out a bill -
20 bill
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